RIESGOS ASOCIADOS CON PRODUCTOS QUÍMICOS Y OTROS AGENTES UTILIZADOS EN LOS INTENTOS DE CONTROLAR EL VIRUS DEL SÍNDROME DE LA MANCHA BLANCa

 Laurence Massaut, Ph.D. Stanislaus Sonnenholzner, Ph.D.  y Claude E. Boyd, Ph.D.

Los productores de camarón en Asia y en las Américas han utilizado una amplia gama de agentes químicos y biológicos en un intento por controlar la enfermedad del virus del síndrome de la mancha blanca (WSSV). Se cree que algunas de estas sustancias matan el virus WSS o sus posibles portadores.

Se afirma que otras sustancias estimulan el sistema inmunológico de los camarones y los ayudan a resistir la enfermedad. También se cree que las sustancias que mejoran las condiciones ambientales en los estanques y, por lo tanto, reducen el estrés, aumentan la resistencia del camarón a las enfermedades.
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Los agentes utilizados en estos intentos se pueden aplicar al suelo y al agua del estanque antes de sembrar los camarones, aplicarlos al agua durante el cultivo o agregarlos al alimento. Aunque algunos productos pueden ser beneficiosos cuando se aplican a sistemas de acuicultura en concentraciones bajas, pueden ser tóxicos para los camarones en concentraciones más altas, causar problemas ambientales en estanques o ecosistemas circundantes, acumularse en el tejido del camarón y presentar un problema de seguridad alimentaria o ser peligrosos para los trabajadores. en la industria camaronera.
En este artículo comentaremos el estado medioambiental, laboral y de seguridad alimentaria de estas sustancias. Esta información fue compilada de literatura reciente y del sitio de Internet de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA, http://www.epa.gov).

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Fuente: https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/risks-associated-with-chemicals-and-other-agents-used-in-attempts-to-control-white-spot-syndrome-virus/

WSSV-LIKE ORFs AND TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT-LIKE REPEATS IN THE GENOME OFMarsupenaeus japonicus, Penaeus monodon AND Litopenaeus vannamei 

Shana Singh1*, Michal Plocienniczak2, Laura Hake2, Acacia Alcivar-Warren1-2

1Environmental Genomics, Inc., Southborough, MA 01772 USA; 2Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA; E-mail: environmentalgenomics.warren@gmail.com 

 

Imagen
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a double stranded enveloped DNA virus that can produce a persistent infection in the host, causing large economic losses to the shrimp industry.1 The length of WSSV genome is getting shorter and becoming more virulent, but little is known of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in WSSV virulence. Susceptibility of L. vannamei to other viruses like IHHNV and Baculovirus penaei appear genetically determined and related to growth status.2 The petanucleotide TAACC/GGTTA is considered the telomerase sequence of shrimp and a potential site of insertion of transposable elements (TEs) in L. vannamei.3 TEs are known to play a major role on gene regulation, evolution and disease. TEs such as LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons have been identified in P. monodon, M. japonicus, L. vannamei and L. styirostris genomes.3-7 The reverse transcriptase (RTE) gene of unnamed retrotransposon, for instance, was identified as the insertion site of non-infectious IHHNV into the P. monodon genome.4GGTTA repeats flanking the RTE gene, and seven genes homologous to WSSV ORFs, were recently found in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library clone of M. japonicus.6 We propose that WSSV-like ORFs may relate to WSSV infectivity, latency and/or pathogencity via a TE-mediated mechanism. To begin to understand the potential involvement of TEs in WSSV pathogenicty, more basic information on shrimp TE expression is needed. The goals of this study were to 1) confirm the presence of WSSV-ORFs and TE-like repeats in the M. japonicus BAC clone, and compare it to other penaeids, and 2) classify the TE repeats in the complete WSSV sequences of Thailand, Taiwan and China isolates.

Sequence homology searches using Blastn, Blastx and Blastp databases confirmed the presence of WSSV-ORFs in the M. japonicus BAC clone. Similar WSSV-like ORFs were identified in fosmid clones of P. monodon.5 WSSV-like ORFs were only identified in SPF L. vannamei injected with WSSV, they should be tested again once fosmid- and BAC-end sequences from uninfected L. vannamei are available. Classification of TE repeats using the CENSOR software identified various TE-like repeat classes in M. japonicus genome (Table 1), including the EnSpm DNA transposon (19 fragments totaling 3067 nt) and RTE non-LTR retrotransposon (1 fragment of 876 nt), among others. RTE-like repeats were also identified in DNA and cDNA sequences of P. monodon, L. vannamei, L. stylirostris, M. japonicus, F. chinensis.

The WSSV isolates from Thailand, Taiwan and China also contain repeats that are weakly similar to TE repeats. They include DNA transposons (EnSpm, hAT), endogenous retrovirus (ERV1), LTR retrotransposons (Gypsy, Copia), and non-LTR retrotransposons (LINE-1, R1), among others. However, the RTE non-LTR retrotransposon-like repeats were not found in any of the WSSV sequences from Thailand, Taiwan and China (see Table 1 for a summary of repeats in the Taiwan isolate). Data suggest that different genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved in host-DNA virus interactions. More basic epigenetics research is needed to study TE-mediated mechanism(s) involved in WSSV infectivity and/or pathogenicity. 


References
1Sanchez-Paz A 2010. White spot syndrome virus: an overview on an emergent concern. Vet Res 41:43. 
2Alcivar-Warren et al. 1997. Genetic susceptibility of cultured shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to IHHNV and Baculovirus penaei: Possible relationship with growth status and metabolic gene expression. J Inv Path 70:190. 
3Alcivar-Warren et al. 2006. Isolation and mapping of telomeric pentanucleotide (TAACC)(n) repeats of Penaeus vannamei, using FISH. Mar. Biotech. 8:467.
4Tang & Lightner 2006. IHHNV-related sequences in the genome of the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon from Africa and Australia. Virus Res. 118:185.
5Huang et al. 2011. Fosmid library end sequencing reveals a rarely known genome structure of marine shrimp Penaeus monodon.BMC Genomics 12:242.
6Koyama et al. 2010. Hyper-expansion of large DNA segments in the genome of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. BMC Genomics 11:141.
7Hizer et al. 2008. Evidence of multiple retrotransposons in two Litopenaeid species. Anim. Genet. 39(4):363. 

Fuente: https://www.was.org/WASMeetings/Meetings/ShowAbstract.aspx?Id=25601 

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